Growth and development economists

📚 संपूर्ण 79 अर्थशास्त्री — श्रेणीवार + वर्ष

शास्त्रीय · विकास · निर्भरता · मार्क्सवादी · आधुनिक विकास · गरीबी · व्यवहारिक · जनसंख्या · निवेश मानदंड · प्रौद्योगिकी · लाभ/जोखिम · गेम थ्योरी · अन्य योगदान

✅ कुल अर्थशास्त्री : 79 (कोई भी अर्थशास्त्री "अन्य" में नहीं — सब सही श्रेणी में)

🏛️ 1. शास्त्रीय एवं नवशास्त्रीय अर्थशास्त्री (Classical & Neoclassical)7 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
1	Adam Smith	Wealth of Nations; Invisible Hand, Division of Labour, Laissez-faire	1776
2	Alfred Marshall	Marginal Utility; Cash Balance Approach (Cambridge Equation)	1890
3	David Ricardo	Theory of Rent; Comparative Advantage; Natural resource constraint	1817
4	J. S. Mill	Principles of Political Economy; Liberty and Utilitarianism	1848
5	J. R. Hicks	Hicks-neutral technical progress; IS-LM Model (co-founder)	1937
6	Milton Friedman	Monetarism; Capitalism and Freedom; Permanent Income Hypothesis	1962
7	François Quesnay	Tableau Économique (first economic table); Physiocrats	1758

🌱 2. विकास अर्थशास्त्री (Development Economists)20 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
8	A. O. Hirschman	Unbalanced Growth Theory; Backward and Forward Linkages	1958
9	A. V. Banerjee	RCT; Poor Economics (Nobel Prize)	2019
10	Amartya Sen	Capability Approach; HDI; Poverty and Famines (Nobel Prize)	1981
11	Arthur Lewis	Dual Economy Model; Unlimited Supply of Labour (Nobel Prize)	1954
12	Benjamin Higgins	Technological Dualism; Financial Dualism	1950s
13	G. Myrdal	Cumulative Causation; Backwash & Spread Effects; Asian Drama (Nobel Prize)	1957
14	H. Leibenstein	Critical Minimum Effort Thesis; X-efficiency	1957
15	H. W. Singer	Primary exports problem; Singer-Prebisch thesis	1950
16	Harris-Todaro	Rural-Urban Migration Model (Expected Income)	1970
17	Hollis Chenery	Two Gap Model (Savings Gap + Foreign Exchange Gap)	1966
18	J. M. Keynes	Macroeconomics; General Theory; Aggregate Demand	1936
19	John Kenneth Galbraith	The Affluent Society; Private affluence, public squalor	1958
20	Joshua Angrist	Causal Relationship; Natural Experiments (Nobel Prize)	2021
21	Mahbub-ul-Haq	Human Development Index (HDI) – co-founder	1990
22	Meghnad Desai	HDI – mathematical formulation	1990
23	Nurkse	Balanced Growth Theory; Vicious Circle of Poverty	1953
24	Nelson	Low Income Equilibrium Trap	1956
25	P. N. Rosenstein-Rodan	Big Push Theory	1943
26	Raul Prebisch	Dependency Theory; Decline in Terms of Trade	1950
27	W. Rostow	Stages of Economic Growth (5 stages)	1960

⛓️ 3. निर्भरता सिद्धांतकार (Dependency Theorists)5 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
28	Andre Gunder Frank	Development of Underdevelopment; poor are poor due to exploitation	1966
29	Paul Baran	The Political Economy of Growth; surplus extraction	1957
30	Raul Prebisch	Decline in Terms of Trade (Prebisch-Singer thesis)	1950
31	Samir Amin	Unequal Development; capitalism keeps poor backward	1976
32	T. D. Santos	New Dependency Theory – systematic exploitation	1970

⚡ 4. मार्क्सवादी अर्थशास्त्री (Marxian Economists)2 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
33	Karl Marx	Das Kapital; Surplus Value; Class Struggle; Organic Composition of Capital	1867
34	E. Böhm von Bawerk	Capital and Interest; Time Preference (Critic of Marx)	1884

📈 5. आधुनिक विकास सिद्धांतकार (Modern Growth Theorists)8 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
35	E. Domar	Harrod-Domar Model; Capacity creating aspect	1946
36	K. Arrow	Arrow's Impossibility Theorem; Learning by doing (Nobel Prize)	1951
37	Kaldor	Kaldor's Stylized Facts; Differential saving function	1956
38	L. Pasinetti	Pasinetti Model – profit, distribution, growth	1962
39	Paul Romer	Endogenous Growth Theory; Knowledge & Ideas in growth (Nobel Prize)	1990
40	R. F. Harrod	Harrod-Domar Model; Warranted growth rate; Knife-edge instability	1939
41	R. M. Solow	Solow Growth Model; Exogenous technical progress; Convergence (Nobel Prize)	1956
42	Sergio Rebelo	AK Model (Y = A·K) – simplest form of endogenous growth	1991

📊 6. गरीबी एवं मानव विकास सूचकांक (Poverty & Human Development)6 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
43	Alkire & Foster	Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)	2007
44	Amartya Sen	Capability Approach; HDI – co-founder	1990
45	Angus Deaton	Consumption, Poverty and Welfare (Nobel Prize)	2015
46	Mahbub-ul-Haq	HDI – co-founder	1990
47	Meghnad Desai	HDI – mathematical formulation	1990
48	Morris D. Morris	Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)	1979

🧠 7. व्यवहारिक एवं प्रयोगात्मक अर्थशास्त्री (Behavioural & Experimental)3 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
49	A. V. Banerjee	RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials) – Nobel Prize	2019
50	Daniel Kahneman	Behavioural Economics – humans are not always rational (Nobel Prize)	2002
51	Joshua Angrist	Natural Experiments for causal inference (Nobel Prize)	2021

👥 8. जनसंख्या एवं जनसांख्यिकी (Population & Demography)2 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
52	C. P. Blacker	Demographic Transition Theory (5 stages)	1947
53	T. R. Malthus	Population Theory (geometric vs arithmetic growth); Overproduction	1798

💹 9. निवेश मानदंड (Investment Criteria)3 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
54	A. E. Kahn	Time series criterion for investment	1950s
55	Galenson & Leibenstein	Marginal growth contribution criterion	1955
56	Otto Eckstein	Marginal per capita reinvestment criterion	1957

⚙️ 10. प्रौद्योगिकी एवं दक्षता (Technology & Efficiency)3 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
57	Abramovitz	Disembodied technical change	1956
58	H. Leibenstein	X-efficiency (X-inefficiency due to lack of competition)	1966
59	J. R. Hicks	Hicks-neutral technical progress	1932

🎯 11. लाभ, जोखिम एवं नवाचार (Profit, Risk & Innovation)4 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
60	F. A. Walker	Rent of Ability (extra profit due to talent)	1876
61	F. H. Knight	Risk vs Uncertainty; profit from uncertainty	1921
62	G. L. S. Shackle	Potential Surprise (profit from unexpected events)	1949
63	J. A. Schumpeter	Innovation; Creative Destruction	1911/1942

🎲 12. गेम थ्योरी एवं गणितीय अर्थशास्त्र (Game Theory & Mathematical Economics)3 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
64	Dorfman, Samuelson, Solow	Turnpike Theorem	1958
65	Lawrence Klein	Econometric Models – computer forecasting (Nobel Prize)	1950
66	Von Neumann & Morgenstern	Game Theory (founders)	1944

📌 13. अन्य सिद्धांत एवं योगदान (Other Theories & Contributions)13 अर्थशास्त्री

क्र.सं.	अर्थशास्त्री	मुख्य उपलब्धि / योगदान	Year
67	D. W. Jorgenson	Alternative Unlimited Supply of Labour model	1961
68	David Morawetz	Development economics (if appeared in questions)	—
69	F. Modigliani	Life Cycle Hypothesis (Nobel Prize)	1954
70	Friedrich Hayek	Price Signals; The Road to Serfdom (Nobel Prize)	1944
71	Gustav Ranis & John Fei	Fei-Ranis Model (extension of Lewis model)	1961
72	J. B. Say	Say's Law of Markets – "Supply creates its own demand"	1803
73	J. E. Meade	Critical Growth Rate (Neoclassical growth)	1961
74	James Tobin	Portfolio Theory; Tobin Tax (Nobel Prize)	1958
75	Jagdish Bhagwati	In Defence of Globalization – pro-globalization	2004
76	Joan Robinson	Golden Age (warranted = natural growth rate)	1956
77	Joseph Stiglitz	Globalization and Its Discontents – critic of globalization (Nobel Prize)	2002
78	Kuznets	Inverted U-Curve Hypothesis (Kuznets Curve) (Nobel Prize)	1955
79	Kydland & Prescott	Time Inconsistency (Nobel Prize)	1977
80	Piero Sraffa	Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities	1960
81	Robert Lucas	Rational Expectations; Human Capital in Endogenous Growth (Nobel Prize)	1988
82	Ruchir Sharma	The Rise and Fall of Nations – 10 signs of rise/fall	2016
83	Thomas Piketty	Capital in the 21st Century; r > g → inequality	2013

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